Certificate

In films there has to be a certificate to every film so that it is suitable to the audience. This certificate can affect the audience and the porfit the film can produce. For example Warner Brothers have made Harry Potter a lower certificate to allow more audience to watch it so that they can make more profit, however, a small indpendant film normally has a film appropriate to the certificate. So if a film is a 15 cert, the independant company will not try and lower it.

From the BBFC (British Board of Film Certification) there are six catorgies of film certificates. These are: U; PG; 12; 12A; 15 and 18. The board consists of indivisual people which was created to develope uniformality to films. The classifcation works by the board watching film and videos all way through and apply the guidelines to the film to reach an agreement on the certificate.

The guidelines are- U

What does U mean?

The U symbol stands for Universal. A U film should be suitable for audiences aged four years and over. However, it is impossible to predict what might upset a particular child, especially at this lower end of the category range.

What about works for children younger than four?

We rate films and videos aimed at very young viewers, such as Chuggington, Teletubbies or In The Night Garden, U. However, we give them special BBFCinsight stating they are ‘particularly Suitable for pre-school children’. Films or DVDs with this BBFCinsight should raise no significant issues in terms of discrimination, drugs, horror, imitable behaviour, language, nudity, sex, theme or violence.

Will there be any bad language in a U film?

At U we only allow very mild bad language (eg ‘damn’ and ‘hell’). Occasionally, bad language such as ‘bloody’ or ‘bugger’ may be included, where justified by the context.

Do U works contain any sexual activity?

Characters may be seen kissing or cuddling and there may be references to sexual behaviour (ie to ‘making love’). However, there will be no overt focus on sexual behaviour, language or innuendo.
At all categories heterosexual and homosexual sexual behaviour and activities are treated the same – so there could be occasional very mild references to gay or straight sex at U.

Is violence or horror permitted in a U film?

A U film may include brief fight scenes or moments where characters are placed in danger. However, moments of emotional stress or threat will be quickly resolved and the outcome will be reassuring.
There may be brief scary scenes and moments where the characters are placed in danger. As with violence, however, these scenes will be balanced by reassuring elements, such as comic interludes or music.
‘Baddie’ characters may carry or use weapons, but there will be no emphasis on these. Child or ‘hero’ characters are unlikely to use any kind of weapon outside, for example, historical settings.
Potentially dangerous or imitable behaviour, particularly those which come across as safe or fun, will not be present.

What sorts of films are usually passed at U?

A U film can explore most themes, as long as the treatment is appropriate to a young audience. This doesn’t mean that all films rated U are children’s films – many adult films, especially older works, are rated U because they don’t contain any strong issues.
A children’s work at U will generally contain positive messages about loyalty, honesty and friendship, particularly amongst children. The film or DVD will have a happy ending for the child and the overall tone should be one of reassurance.
U films are unlikely to contain discriminatory language or behaviour unless it is clearly disapproved of.

Will there be references to drugs?

At U there will not normally be references to illegal drugs or drugs misuse unless there is a very clear anti-drugs or educational message which will be understood by a younger audience.
Drugs references which are unlikely to register with young children and are brief or passing may occasionally be passed at U – for example a verbal reference to ‘the Opium wars’ in an historical documentary.

After creating our storyline, it was very apparent that our film would be a 12A this is because our film only talks about violence and death but doesn't actually show it happening, and there is hardly any strong expletive language in the film.

What does PG mean?

PG stands for Parental Guidance. This means a film is suitable for general viewing, but some scenes may be unsuitable for younger children. A PG film should not disturb a child aged around eight or older. Parents should consider whether the content might upset younger or more sensitive children.

Are all PG films made for younger audiences?

No. Some films are given a PG certificate but have not been made with a young audience in mind. A recent example of a film mostly enjoyed by grown ups but passed PG would be The Artist. However, the certificate means that any issues in the work are appropriate for the majority of this age group and nothing should upset a child of eight or over.

What sort of themes are passed at PG?

No theme is prohibited at PG, as long as it is treated in a manner appropriate to the category. PG works can explore challenging issues such as domestic violence, bereavement or racism.

In a PG work, illegal or antisocial behaviour, such as bullying, will not be condoned or seen to go unchallenged. Smoking and drinking will not be promoted or glamorised and if child characters are seen smoking or drinking, there should be a clear message that this is bad. If drugs are mentioned or seen, a PG work should emphasise that they are harmful.

Will there be bad language in a PG film?

There may be mild bad language (such as ‘shit’ or ‘son of a bitch’) in a PG film, but the context and delivery are always important. For example, if the language is used aggressively or if there is too much bad language, a work may be passed at the next category.

What about sex?

References to sex are acceptable if the activity talked about or shown is implied and lacking in detail. In addition, if a child is unlikely to understand a reference, we may allow it at PG. Comedy can also often lessen the impact of sex references and innuendo.

Heterosexual and homosexual sex and sex references are treated the same – so there could be mild or undetailed references to gay or straight sex at PG.

What about violence or horror at PG?

There should be no detail of violence in a PG work, so while there might be some blood, we would not see how the injury was inflicted in strong detail. Violence is generally more acceptable in a historical or fantasy setting, because of the distancing that this provides. It isn’t uncommon for PG films to feature ‘roller-coaster’ action or set pieces, where the emphasis is clearly on the adventure or journey of the main characters rather than the detail of violence or fighting.

As far as horror goes, we allow some 'jump' moments and scary scenes, but sequences showing significant or realistic violence, horror or threat must not be prolonged.

What about behaviour children might copy?

Potentially dangerous behaviour which children might copy (such as a child climbing into a washing-machine or playing withelectricity) is unlikely to be acceptable at PG, especially if it comes across as safe or fun. Realistic or easily accessible weapons, such as knives, will not be glamorised or focused upon in a PG work.

Will there be any drugs in a PG?

There might be innocuous or passing references to illegal drugs or drugs misuse in a PG work, although there should be no strong focus on this. In addition drug references may be permissible if there is a clear anti-drugs or educational message likely to be understood by children over eight.

What is 12A?

• '12A means that anyone aged 12 or over can go and see the film unaccompanied. The A stands for 'accompanied' and 'advisory'. Children younger than 12 may see the film if they are accompanied by an adult (eg someone over the age of 18), who must watch the film with them.' http://www.bbfc.co.uk/what-classification/12a-and-12

  Can horror films be classed as a 12A?

  Yes, some horror films are passed at this category. Moderate physical and psychological threat is permitted at 12 or 12A as long as disturbing sequences are not too frequent or sustained.
  http://www.bbfc.co.uk/what-classification/12a-and-12
  

  Can other controversial issues such as drugs be included?

  Dangerous behaviour (for example hanging, suicide and self-harming) may be present in 12 or 12A works but will not dwell on detail which could be copied or present those activities as pain or harm free. Discriminatory behaviour should not be endorsed by the film as a whole. There may be infrequent sight of drugs misuse in a 12 or a 12A but the portrayal should not be glamorised or provide instructional details. (ttp://www.bbfc.co.uk/what-classification/12a-and-12 20/09/13)
  
  What is allowed, to what extent is it allowed and what isn't allowed?
  
  
  • Discrimination - Discriminatory language or behaviour must not be endorsed by the work as a whole. Aggressive discriminatory language or behaviour is unlikely to be acceptable unless clearly condemned.
  
  
  
  
  
  
  • Drugs - Any misuse of drugs must be infrequent and should not be glamorised or give instructional detail.
  • Horror - Moderate physical and psychological threat may be permitted, provided disturbing sequences are not frequent or sustained.
  
  
  
  
  • Imitable behaviour - Dangerous behaviour (for example, hanging, suicide and self-harming) should not dwell on detail which could be copied, or appear pain or harm free. Easily accessible weapons should not be glamorised.
  
  
  
  
  • Language - Moderate language is allowed. The use of strong language (for example, ‘fuck’) must be infrequent.
  
  
  
  
  • Nudity - Nudity is allowed, but in a sexual context must be brief and discreet.
  
  
  
  
  • Sex - Sexual activity may be briefly and discreetly portrayed. Sex references should not go beyond what is suitable for young teenagers. Frequent crude references are unlikely to be acceptable.
  
  
  
  
  • Theme - Mature themes are acceptable, but their treatment must be suitable for young teenagers.
  
  
  
  
  • Violence - Moderate violence is allowed but should not dwell on detail. There should be no emphasis on injuries or blood, but occasional gory moments may be permitted if justified by the context. Sexual violence may only be implied or briefly and discreetly indicated, and must have a strong contextual justification.
  (ttp://www.bbfc.co.uk/sites/default/files/attachments/BBFC%20Classification%20Guidelines%202009_1_0.pdf 20/09/2013)

  What is the difference between a 12 and a 12A?

  Exactly the same criteria are used to classify works at ‘12A’ and ‘12’. These categories are awarded where the material is suitable, in general, only for those aged 12 and over. Works classified at these categories may upset children under 12 or contain material which many parentswill find unsuitable for them.(ttp://www.bbfc.co.uk/sites/default/files/attachments/BBFC%20Classification%20Guidelines%202009_1_0.pdf 20/09/2013)

  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

  What does the 15 symbol mean?

   No-one under 15 is allowed to see a 15 film at the cinema or buy/rent a ‘15’ rated DVD.  15 rated works are not suitable for children under 15 years of age.

  Are there any limits on what sort of theme a work can have at 15?

  No theme is prohibited, provided the treatment is appropriate for 15 year olds.

  Is 15 really stronger than 12A?

   Yes. 15 works are stronger than 12 or 12A rated works and could include any of the following:

  • strong violence
  • frequent strong language (eg 'f***').
  • portrayals of sexual activity
  • strong verbal references to sex
  • sexual nudity
  • brief scenes of sexual violence or verbal references to sexual violence
  • discriminatory language or behaviour
  • drug taking

  How much strong language is there in a 15?

  There could potentially be a great deal. At 15 there is no upper limit on the number of uses of strong language (eg f***).

  Occasionally there may be uses of the strongest terms (eg 'c***'), although continued or aggressive use will not normally be passed 15.

  What about discriminatory or offensive terms?

  There may be racist, homophobic or other discriminatory language, and the work could explore themes relating to this.

  However, at 15 the work as a whole must not endorse discriminatory language or behaviour.

  How much sex and nudity is allowed at 15?

  At 15 sexual activity can be portrayed, as long as there is no strong or graphic detail. Some sex scenes can be quite long at this category and may involve some nudity and movement. Though nudity may be allowed in a sexual context there should be no strong detail.

  There are no constraints on nudity in a non-sexual or educational context.

  There can be strong references to sex and sexual behaviour, but especially strong or crude references are unlikely to be acceptable unless justified by context.

  Heterosexual and homosexual sex and sex references are treated the same.

  Can there be strong violence?

  Yes, at 15 violence may be strong. It should not dwell on the infliction of pain or injury, however, and the strongest gory images are unlikely to be acceptable.

  Strong sadistic or sexualised violence is also unlikely to be acceptable.

  Easily accessible weapons may not be glamorised.

  What about sexual violence?

  There may be detailed verbal references to sexual violence (for example descriptions of rape or sexual assault in a courtroom scene or in victim testimony) but any portrayal of sexual violence must be discreet and have a strong contextual justification.

  What about horror works?

  Many horror films are rated 15. At 15 there can be strong threat and menace (as long as it is not sadistic or sexualised), although the strongest gory images are unlikely to be acceptable.

  Can you see drugs in a 15 rated film or video?

  At 15 drug taking may be shown but the work as a whole must not promote or encourage drug misuse.

  The misuse of easily accessible and highly dangerous substances like aerosols or solvents is unlikely to be acceptable at 15.

  What about dangerous behaviour or things teens might copy?

  We consider the risk of potential harm to impressionable teenagers. For example, dangerous behaviour such as hanging, suicide and self-harming should not dwell on detail which could be copied. In theory this can relate to in England, two teens stabbed their friend after watching the movie, thinking that the occult was talking through the film and telling them to kill him. Daniel Gill and Robert Fuller enticed their friend Ashley Murray to a secluded spot before attacking him and leaving him to die. He was found the next day and managed to survive, but the attempted murder was so abhorrent that the judge decided to release the perpetrators’ names despite their young age. (http://www.bbfc.co.uk/what-classification/15 http://brainz.org/15-films-inspired-real-life-crimes/ 20/09/13)

  
  

  
  

  What does the 18 symbol mean?

  Films rated 18 are for adults. No-one under 18 is allowed to see an 18 film at the cinema or buy/rent an 18 rated DVD. No 18 rated works are suitable for children.

  Are there any limits on what sort of theme a work can have at 18?

  No theme is prohibited at 18. Adults are free to pick their own entertainment within the law, so it is possible some themes tackled at 18 may be offensive even to some adult viewers.

  What sort of issues might I find in an 18 film or DVD? 

  18 works are for adults and can contain strong issues such as:

  • very strong violence
  • frequent strong language (eg 'f***') and/or very strong language (eg ‘c***’)
  • strong portrayals of sexual activity
  • scenes of sexual violence
  • strong horror
  • strong blood and gore
  • real sex (in some circumstances)
  • discriminatory language and behaviour

  How much strong language is there in an 18?

  There is no limit on the number of uses of strong (eg 'f***') or even very strong language (eg ‘c***’) which can be passed at 18. Uses could be aggressive, directed, frequent or accompanied by strong violence.

  What about discriminatory or offensive terms?

  There may be racist, homophobic or other discriminatory language at 18, and the work could explore themes relating to this.

  Though a work as a whole must not be in breach of any relevant legislation, it is possible for discriminatory language or themes to be the main focus of the work, and for main characters to engage in discriminatory behaviour.

  How much sex and nudity is allowed at 18?

  There can be strong and detailed portrayals of sex at 18, including full nudity. There are no constraints on nudity in a non-sexual or educational context.

  Very strong, crude and explicit sex references are permitted at 18.

  An 18 film or DVD might also contain depictions of real sex if it is justified by context, as long as the film or DVD is not a sex work.

  What are sex works?

  Sex works are works whose primary purpose is sexual arousal or stimulation. Sex works containing only material which may be simulated are generally passed 18. Those containing clear images of real sex, strong fetish material, sexually explicit animated images, or other very strong sexual images will be confined to the R18 category. Material which is unacceptable in a sex work at R18 is also unacceptable in a sex work at 18.

  What about sex education films?

  Where sex material genuinely seeks to inform and educate in matters such as human sexuality, safer sex and health, explicit images of sexual activity may be permitted.

  Can there be strong violence?

  Yes, at 18 violence can be strong and be portrayed with strong detail. There may even be dwelling on the infliction of pain or injury, or scenes of strong sadistic or sexual violence.

  The strongest gory images are permitted at this category.

  What about horror works?

  The strongest horror works are passed at 18, they may contain strong horror, gore or sustained threat and menace which exceeds the boundaries of 15.

  Can you see drugs in an 18?

  Yes. At 18 drug taking may be shown but the work as a whole must not promote or encourage drug misuse.

  What about dangerous behaviour or things teens or other viewers might copy?

  Though 18 films and DVDs may cover difficult and strong subjects and themes, harm is still a consideration. Very dangerous or criminal behaviour (for example, behaviour which if copied poses a credible harm risk to viewers) may be cut.

  If adults can watch what they want, what might be cut from an 18 work?

  In line with the consistent findings of the BBFC’s public consultations and The Human Rights Act 1998, the BBFC will not normally override the principle that adults should be free to choose their own entertainment.

  However, cuts are occasionally made to 18 rated films and DVDs. Intervention is most likely in the following areas:

  • where the material is in breach of the criminal law, or has been created through the commission of a criminal offence
  • where material risks harm to individuals or, through their behaviour, to society – for example, any detailed portrayal of violent or dangerous acts, or of illegal drug use, which may cause harm to public health or morals. This may include portrayals of sexual violence which might, for example, make rape look appealing
  • where there are more explicit images of sexual activity which cannot be justified by context. Such images may be appropriate in R18 works and, in ‘sex works’ (see below), would normally be confined to that category.

  In the case of video works, which may be more accessible to younger viewers, intervention may be more frequent than for cinema films.

  
  

  Our film would probably be certificated as a U as there isn't any swearing, drugs, violence or sexual scenes. However, due to dark themes I would prefer the film to be a PG. Also this is